Tracing Tutorial with Jaeger

This walkthrough shows how to create a local cluster and deploy a number of components, including an ingress-nginx ingress controller, and Jaeger to store, query and visualise traces.

On the prepared cluster we will deploy Kyverno with tracing enabled and a couple of policies.

Finally we will exercise the Kyverno webhooks by creating a Pod, then we will use Jaeger to find and examine the corresponding trace.

Please note that this walkthrough uses kind to create a local cluster with a specific label on the control plane node. This is necessary as we are using an ingress-nginx deployment specifically crafted to work with kind. All other components setup should not be kind specific but may require different configuration depending on the target cluster.

Cluster Setup

In this first step we are going to create a local cluster using kind.

The created cluster will have two nodes, one master node and one worker node. Note that the master node maps host ports 80 and 443 to the container node. If those ports are already in use they can be changed by editing the hostPort stanza in the config manifest below.

To create the local cluster, run the following command:

 1kind create cluster --config - <<EOF
 2kind: Cluster
 3apiVersion: kind.x-k8s.io/v1alpha4
 4nodes:
 5  - role: control-plane
 6    kubeadmConfigPatches:
 7      - |-
 8        kind: InitConfiguration
 9        nodeRegistration:
10          kubeletExtraArgs:
11            node-labels: "ingress-ready=true"
12    extraPortMappings:
13      - containerPort: 80
14        hostPort: 80
15        protocol: TCP
16      - containerPort: 443
17        hostPort: 443
18        protocol: TCP
19  - role: worker
20EOF

Ingress NGINX Setup

In order to access Grafana from our browser, we need to deploy an ingress controller.

We are going to install ingress-nginx with the following command:

1kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/ingress-nginx/main/deploy/static/provider/kind/deploy.yaml
2sleep 15
3kubectl wait --namespace ingress-nginx --for=condition=ready pod --selector=app.kubernetes.io/component=controller --timeout=90s

Jaeger Setup

Jaeger will allow us to store, search and visualise traces.

Jaeger is made of multiple components and is capable of using multiple storage solutions like Elasticsearch or Cassandra. In this tutorial, we will deploy the all-in-one version of Jaeger and storage will be done in memory.

We can deploy Jaeger using Helm with the following command:

 1helm upgrade --install jaeger --namespace monitoring --create-namespace --wait \
 2  --repo https://jaegertracing.github.io/helm-charts jaeger \
 3  --values - <<EOF
 4storage:
 5  type: none
 6provisionDataStore:
 7  cassandra: false
 8agent:
 9  enabled: false
10collector:
11  enabled: false
12query:
13  enabled: false
14allInOne:
15  enabled: true
16  ingress:
17    enabled: true
18    hosts:
19      - localhost
20EOF

At this point, the Jaeger UI should be available at http://localhost.

Kyverno Setup

We now need to install Kyverno with tracing enabled and pointing to our Jaeger collector.

We can deploy Kyverno using Helm with the following command:

 1helm upgrade --install kyverno --namespace kyverno --create-namespace --wait \
 2  --devel --repo https://kyverno.github.io/kyverno kyverno \
 3  --values - <<EOF
 4# kyverno controller
 5extraArgs:
 6  # enable tracing
 7  - --enableTracing
 8  # jaeger backend url
 9  - --tracingAddress=jaeger-collector.monitoring
10  # jaeger backend port for opentelemetry traces
11  - --tracingPort=4317
12
13# cleanup controller
14cleanupController:
15  tracing:
16    # enable tracing
17    enabled: true
18    # jaeger backend url
19    address: jaeger-collector.monitoring
20    # jaeger backend port for opentelemetry traces
21    port: 4317
22EOF

Kyverno policies Setup

Finally we need to deploy some policies in the cluster so that Kyverno can configure admission webhooks accordingly.

We are going to deploy the kyverno-policies Helm chart (with the Baseline profile of PSS) using the following command:

1helm upgrade --install kyverno-policies --namespace kyverno --create-namespace --wait \
2  --devel --repo https://kyverno.github.io/kyverno kyverno-policies \
3  --values - <<EOF
4validationFailureAction: Enforce
5EOF

Note that we are setting validationFailureAction to Enforce because Audit-mode policies are processed asynchronously and will produce a separate trace from the main one (both traces are linked together though, but not with a parent/child relationship).

Create a Pod and observe the corresponding trace

With everything in place we can exercise the Kyverno admission webhooks by creating a Pod and locating the corresponding trace in Jaeger.

Run the following command to create a Pod:

1kubectl run nginx --image=nginx

After that, navigate to the Jaeger UI and search for traces with the following criteria:

• Service: kyverno, every trace defines a service name and all traces coming from Kyverno will use the kyverno service name
• Operation: ADMISSION POST /validate/fail, every span defines a span name and root spans created by Kyverno when receiving an admission request have their name computed from the http operation and path (ADMISSION <HTTP OPERATION> <HTTP PATH>. The /validate/fail path indicates that it’s a validating webhook that was configured to fail the admission request in case of error. Fail mode is the default).

The list should show the trace for the previous Pod creation request:

Clicking on the trace will take you to the trace details, showing all spans covered by the Pod admission request:

The trace shows individual spans of all the policies that were just installed, with child spans for every rule that was checked (but not necessarily evaluated). The sum of all spans equals the trace time or the entire time Kyverno spent processing the Pod admission request.